张依萌：长城概念的认定方法——兼谈《长城保护条例》的适用对象 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《长城概念的认定方法——兼谈《长城保护条例》的适用对象》
　　　　　The identification method of the Great Wall concept-holds the applicable objects of the Great Wall conservation regulation
作　　者：张依萌
　　　　　中国文化遗产研究院，100029
出　　处：传承与展望：威尼斯宪章发布50周年学术研讨会论文集文物出版社
发表时间：2014-00-00
文　　摘：

本文通过对几种长城认定标准，以及对当前长城概念的主要争论进行分析探讨，提出了认定长城概念的方法问题，并将长城的概念划分为两个层面。第一层面的长城认定，以学术研究为目的，这一层面的长城概念属于历史文化的范畴。历史文化层面的长城，应该包括中国历史疆域内用于政权之间防御的古代线性军事工程。其构成包括城墙及墙体设施、壕堑、关堡、敌情侦查与预警系统、辅助防御设施。
第二层面的长城认定，则以长城的保护管理为目的，这一层面的长城则属于文物的范畴。保护管理层面的长城概念，应当涵盖中华人民共和国境内的长城资源。包括现存的古代或近代修建的线性军事工程遗存及相关设施、与之有密切关系的历史城镇和村庄、地理环境等共同构成的文化与自然遗产。

关键词：长城认定标准历史管理
正　　文：

一、长城的认定标准问题
现有研究对于长城的认定，并无明确统一的标准，或以文献记载；或以遗迹的建筑形态；或以功能为依据；或同一定义中，几种标准兼而有之。
首先我们认为，尽管历史文献是长城概念的渊源，但长城的认定，不宜以文献记载为标准，因其 ……

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参考文献：

① 李学勤等.清华大学藏战国竹简(贰)[M]上海：上海文艺出版集团、中西书局.1936(1).
② 成大林.大清王朝与边墙[J].万里长城.2012(1).
③ 黑龙江省长城资源调查队.黑龙江省长城资源调查工作收获体会[A].同19:p77.
④ 内蒙古自治区长城资源调查队.内蒙古自治区长城概况及保护工作报告[A].同上:p59.
⑤ 吉林省长城资源调查队.发现与探索——吉林省长城资源调查总览[A].同上:p72.
⑥ A•А•科瓦列夫、Д•额尔德涅巴特尔.蒙古国南戈壁省西夏长城与汉受降城有关问题的再探讨[J].内蒙古文物考古.2008(2).
⑦ 张士尊.明代辽东路河考[J].东北史地.2008(5).
⑧ 第二届历史古迹建筑师及技师国际会议.关于古迹遗址保护与修复的国际宪章(威尼斯宪章)[R].威尼斯.1964.
⑨ 联合国教育、科学及文化组织保护世界文化与自然遗产的政府间委员会.实施世界遗产公约的操作指南[R].巴黎.2007.
⑩ （清）许荣等.甘肃通志•卷三十[M]：镇绥将军潘育龙“捐赀修复嘉峪关七层城楼”.台北:台湾商务印书馆.1986.

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օӀĈ：长�ǸƄɏ定方法—� -- [未验证] Ricky (2025-07-28 05:12:58)

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օӀĈ：长�ǸƄɏ定方法—� -- [未验证] Gay (2025-07-27 01:32:48)

The two opposing gamers still add their meld and whatever they won in play to their total rating.
The Deal – The dealer gives 12 cards to every player, non-dealer first,
dealt three cards at a time. The remainder of the pack types the inventory and is placed
face down in order to cowl half of the turned up card.
Upon completion of the hand, the non-dealer participant turns into the following supplier.
Begin the hand-building course of by having the vendor draw the highest card of the widow.

That participant might elect to both hold the card in her hand,
or discard it face-down in a separate pile ("rejecting" it).
If the player keeps the card, he then draws a second card,
and without looking at it locations it face-down in the reject pile.

Every of these subgroups is recognised by a symbol and are known as fits.
Every swimsuit incorporates 13 cards which, usually, are considered on this order,
Ace (A), 2, three, four, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jacks (J), Queen (Q) and King (K).
Some video games include the 2 Jokers present in a regular deck however
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The techniques which might be possible or sensible are clearly affected by the model of the foundations that is
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A participant who has no card of the suit led and no trumps could play any card.
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Whereas studying any card sport may be loads
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Books from the start of the twentieth century don't specify any minimal.
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Throughout the bidding process, players must bid the number of factors they think
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After trump has been declared by the bid-winner, that person’s
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օӀĈ：长�ǸƄɏ定方法—� -- [未验证] Lloyd (2025-07-24 23:44:12)

Mixing Oxandrolone, generally often recognized as Anavar, with Testosterone in a single cycle is a favored method among fitness
lovers as a end result of distinct benefits it supplies. The key motivation for this mix is to amplify the advantages of each substances
while reducing the chance of adverse side effects. By utilizing these compounds together, users can enhance their performance and obtain their health targets extra swiftly.
After completing an eight-week cycle of Oxandrolone, users typically notice substantial
results.
While witness accounts and skilled judgment
might help comprehend the advantages and drawbacks of using
Anavar, seeing actual results speaks out loud. Observing the adjustments within the physiques of
actual individuals who've used the substance can provide
a greater perspective on its impact. Via earlier than and
after pictures, people can visually witness the astonishing transformation resulting from incorporating the steroid right into a well-rounded
fitness routine. What usually remains hidden behind the glamorous aura of Hollywood is a hectic and rigorous health discipline.
The unbelievable transformations and well-sculpted bodies that celebs flaunt on and off-screen end result from
a meticulous workout regimen and clean eating habits.

Nevertheless, the ‘edge’ many enjoy in reaching
their fitness targets may be attributed to the steroid under dialogue.

If someone has previously used Anadrol and their body’s tailored to this compound, they could cycle it again,
but at the next dose and for an extended time period (for increased gains).
As Anadrol is often utilized in the off-season, the following cycles on this article are essentially bulking protocols.
Anadrol can additionally be used for slicing; nevertheless,
because of potential water retention and bloating, it's a less normal follow.

If you are considering TRT and Anavar therapy, it is important to do your analysis
and seek the assistance of with an expert.

Make positive you understand the potential dangers and benefits
of each therapies before making a call. Please notice that dosages and cycle
lengths ought to be determined by a healthcare skilled based mostly on your particular needs and goals.
Throughout a 4-week Anavar cycle, restoration and rest are key parts to optimizing results.

Correct relaxation permits your body to repair and grow, while recovery methods may help mitigate
any potential unwanted effects.
HGH may be injected both subcutaneously or intramuscularly,
and the half-life differs very barely between the
2. Either method, HGH has a very short half-life – slightly below
4 hours for sub-cut injections and slightly below 5 hours when injected
IM. However if you'd like maximum bioavailability (and who
doesn’t?), then subcutaneous injections are the means in which to go – they've up to 75% bioavailability in comparability with round 63% for IM
injections.
If you’ve taken steroids earlier than, you’ll know that almost all of these are thought of
to have an effect on testosterone negatively.
They work by increasing testosterone ranges artificially, a lot
so that there might be an excess of the hormone within the physique.
This will permit you to train a specific physique part a number of instances weekly, resulting in substantial muscle size gains.
Finally, you won’t really feel as exhausted between consecutive exercise sessions and may obtain your dream physique sooner.
This stack from leading complement brand CrazyBulk includes a combination of
the steroids Anavar, Dianabol, Trenorol, and Sustanon. Do notice that the final two elements are included to provide maximum strength and promote correct muscle acquire.

Customers might notice further improvements in energy,
endurance, and muscle definition. It’s important
to do not neglect that results might differ relying on particular person components corresponding to diet, train routine, and dosage.
Always seek the assistance of with a healthcare professional earlier than starting any steroid cycle to ensure it's safe and suitable on your specific wants.

One of the key benefits of Anavar for a 4-week cycle
is its ability to extend muscle hardness and definition. This means that customers can anticipate to see a extra chiseled and sculpted physique,
with enhanced vascularity and a leaner look.

However, caution must be taken when combining a
number of performance-enhancing dietary supplements, as this could
improve the danger of unwanted aspect effects or place unnecessary pressure on the
physique. It’s usually finest to stick with pure, well-researched supplements like protein and creatine, especially if you’re new to utilizing
steroids. At this stage, you may notice a significant discount in physique fat and a marked improvement in muscle definition. Clothes
could start to fit differently as your physique turns into
leaner and extra sculpted.
It can be utilized by both men and women and does
not have any adverse or nasty side effects. To top all of it, it comes with a
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References:

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օӀĈ：长�ǸƄɏ定方法—� -- [未验证] Hope (2025-07-24 14:40:32)

It’s crucial to gain an understanding of the how’s and why’s earlier than incorporating it into your regimen. This section will
focus on key elements to consider when beginning a Winstrol cycle as a beginner.
Operating these two steroids collectively amplifies the effects of every, especially throughout
a 6–8 week cutting cycle. Dr. O’Connor has over 20 years of experience treating women and men with a historical past of anabolic steroid, SARM,
and PED use. He has been a board-certified MD since 2005 and supplies steerage on hurt
reduction methodologies.
Anvarol is best fitted to males or women who wish to cut back their physique fat share whereas
concurrently growing muscle tone and constructing
lean muscle. Anavar is an oral anabolic steroid that comes
from the chemical DHT. It was first used within the Sixties and has since been used for
medical reasons and bettering efficiency. As in comparison with many different steroids, Anavar
doesn’t have a strong androgenic make-up.
When evaluating the outcomes of an Anavar and Winstrol cycle to different
steroid cycles, it’s necessary to consider elements
such as the individual’s objectives, experience level, and potential drawbacks.

Right Here, we’ll explore the key aspects of evaluating these cycles with different generally used
steroid cycles. Each Anavar and Winstrol work by way of related
mechanisms, the nuances of their results highlight the complexity of anabolic steroid use.

Both Winstrol and Anavar are in style slicing agents that can help individuals achieve a lean and outlined physique.
By combining these two steroids in a stack, customers might
expertise enhanced fats loss, improved muscle definition, and elevated
energy. Selecting acceptable dosage ranges is important in optimizing a Winstrol and Anavar
cycle for attaining desired outcomes whereas minimizing potential risks.
Dosage concerns contain evaluating particular person elements such as age, gender, weight, and health objectives to
guarantee a secure and effective regimen. Individualized dosing is paramount, allowing customers
to tailor the cycle to their specific physiological and efficiency wants.
Research indicates that typical Winstrol dosages vary
from 25 to 50 mg per day, whereas Anavar usually spans 20 to eighty mg per day.
However, these figures must be adjusted based mostly on the user's anabolic steroid experience and tolerance.

Some users prefer splitting the every day dosage into two equal administrations to take care of steady blood ranges.
It is crucial to find a schedule that works finest for you and ensures consistency throughout the
cycle. Before embarking on any steroid routine, it's critical to seek the advice of with a healthcare
skilled. They can consider your medical history, assess potential
dangers, and supply steering on proper utilization, dosing,
and monitoring. The period of a Winstrol plus Anavar cycle sometimes ranges from 6 to eight weeks.

It is crucial to follow a structured cycle and
avoid prolonged use to mitigate potential unwanted effects.

We know from authorities information that most individuals simply don't get sufficient
Omega 3 of their food plan. Thus, you will need to complement with some Omega-3
medicine that can help you battle inflammation and cholesterol.
The easiest way to shield your kidneys is to remain correctly hydrated, so that you
higher be certain to have a water bottle handy.
The kidneys will also be taking a giant hit when utilizing both of those compounds.
Unlike the liver, these two cannot recuperate as quickly as they're broken, so you must use something to
protect them. Whether you will be utilizing Tudca, Glutathione, or OTC liver
medication, something will assist. Each of those drugs will
negatively have an effect on the liver, so you higher make certain you take something.

Shifting on to the utilization, novices usually begin with the oral form, given its ease of administration compared to injections.
As a newbie, a low dosage is typically advised to permit the
body ample time to adjust to the substance’s effects. Progressively rising the dose, while carefully monitoring reactions, will help ensure both security and effectiveness.
Winstrol shines in the spotlight when the objective is to shed surplus fats and protect lean muscle, making it an alluring
choice during slicing phases. Meanwhile, Anavar dominates
when the focus is on endurance and performance, interesting especially to people
where a rise in body mass just isn't a precedence.

Moreover, it’s important to consistently use liver help supplements such as fish oil (4g/day) and TUDCA (500mg/day).
These supplements can help protect your liver whereas utilizing Winstrol.

When starting a Winstrol cycle, I suggest
beginning at the decrease finish of the dosage vary and adjusting as needed primarily based in your body’s response.

In conclusion, the Winstrol and Anavar stack provides a strong mixture of effects that may assist to enhance athletic efficiency
and muscle growth. By fastidiously understanding the synergistic effects
of these two steroids, athletes and bodybuilders could make informed decisions about incorporating this
stack into their fitness routine. Remember to all the time consult with a healthcare professional before
starting any new complement regimen to make sure security and effectiveness.
With the right method, the Winstrol and Anavar stack could be
a useful tool in attaining your health objectives.

References:

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